Ritual uses of Cissus quadrangularis (Vitaceae) among the Dghweɗe of the Gwoza Hills (NE Nigeria)
 
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Daghile is the Dghweɗe word for a bull. The bull festival of the Dghweɗe is a ritual of reproduction and is closely linked to the planting of guinea corn. It is not celebrated anymore, but in the past it was performed in an biennial cycle. Bulls were fattened for a year and ritually released and then subsequently slaughtered. There is a strong symbolic link between the manure the fattened bull produces and the terrace cultivation of sorghum. The manure was brought out to the fields near the house to increase fertility.